Which provision allows customs officers to board any vessel in the United States?

The correct provision that allows customs officers to board any vessel in the United States is 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a). This section grants customs officers the authority to board vessels for the purpose of examining cargo, verifying documentation, and ensuring compliance with customs laws. This authority is critical for enforcement actions and helps maintain the integrity of U.S. customs regulations by ensuring that all goods entering or leaving the country comply with legal requirements.

The wording of this provision is specifically geared towards empowering customs officers with the necessary authority to carry out their duties effectively. This means they can perform inspections and take necessary actions on any vessel that they suspect is in violation of customs laws, which is essential for preventing illegal smuggling and ensuring the collection of appropriate duties.

The other sections mentioned do not provide the same direct authority to customs officers regarding vessel inspections or boarding. They address different aspects of customs enforcement and procedures but do not clearly lay out the boarding rights that § 1581(a) does. Hence, understanding the specific role of § 1581(a) is crucial for grasping the legal framework supporting customs enforcement.